Inference — Science definition

Defined in 2 courses:

Where it is taught

In use

A thermometer reading is a measurement; an explanation of what caused a temperature change is an inference.

Measurements, Models & Evidence

Questions using inference

Problem 1

Which statement correctly uses inference in Scientific Inquiry: Questions, Evidence & Explanations?
  1. A plausible explanation is automatically a directly observed fact.
  2. inference: A reasoned interpretation of observations rather than the observation itself.
  3. Every scientific investigation must follow exactly the same steps.
  4. One illustrative result establishes every real condition and needs no further evidence.
Answer and explanation

inference: A reasoned interpretation of observations rather than the observation itself.

A reasoned interpretation of observations rather than the observation itself. The sunny tray lost 4 g more in the hour, but sunlight and surface area both differ. Greater exposed area could also affect evaporation. Use identical trays with equal water amounts and matched timing, varying only the intended exposure. The present evidence describes a difference without isolating its cause.

Problem 2

Which is an inference?
  1. The gauge reads 10 mm.
  2. The thermometer reads 18°C.
  3. The storm likely caused the river rise.
  4. The sample has mass 20 g.
Answer and explanation

The storm likely caused the river rise.

The statement interprets a cause rather than reporting a measurement.

Problem 3

Distinguish an observation from an inference using a rock containing marine shells on a mountain.
Answer and explanation

The observation is that the rock contains shells of marine organisms and is now at high altitude. The inference is that the rock formed on a sea floor and was later uplifted. The first is what anyone can verify directly; the second is a conclusion drawn from it using what we know about where such shells form.

Response criteria

  • State a scientifically accurate conclusion.
  • Show the data, mechanism, or calculation that supports it.
  • Include units, conditions, or limits where relevant.

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